What is Nautical mile, arc, radian and pi of a Circle?

 A minute of arc; arcminute; or minute of angle (MOA), is a unit of angular measurement, equal to one sixtieth (¹⁄₆₀) of one degree. In turn, a second of arc or arcsecond is one sixtieth (¹⁄₆₀) of one minute of arc. These are accepted for use with calculations involving SI units.
 However, they are not themselves SI units because they are dimensionless.
 1 minute of arc=¹⁄_(360X60)
Since one degree is defined as one three hundred and sixtieth (¹⁄₃₆₀) of a circle, 1 minute of arc is ¹⁄_21,600 of the same. By international agreement it is exactly 1,852 metres (approximately 6,076 feet).

The nautical mile (symbol M, NM or nmi) is a unit of length that is about one minute of arc of latitude along any meridian, but is approximately one minute of arc of longitude only at the equator.

That means
The diameter of the earth at the equator is 7926.41 miles (12756.32 kilometers).
 Circumferance through equator =12756.32*3.14 = 1,852* 21600


A cargo ship will run at the most efficient speed that allows it to reach its destination at the desired time, and no faster. Fuel is expensive and the ship doesn't make any extra money for arriving early. Most major shipping lines have complex policies in place that dictate the speed requirements. The speed is monitored many times a day and adjusted as necessary to account for currents, weather, and changes to the arrival time. Ships usually travel between 16 and 22 knots.

Cruise ships will adjust their speed to get from port to port in the time alloted. They typically want to arrive at a port early in the morning, before the passengers get up. They are a little bit less concerned about fuel efficiency and will run slightly higher speeds to make the appropriate arrival times.

The latitude and longitude of India is:

20° 0' 0" N / 77° 0' 0" E

 

If you want to travel through costal area of Kerala (The state has a coast of length 590 km) it will tale average of 16hrs.

Radians are another way of measuring angles instead of degrees. One radian is approximately 57.3°
π  (Pi) is 3.14 radians , So 180°=π X 57.3°.

Arc length is the degree ratio of circumference of a circle.
The formula the arc measure is:

where: C  is the central angle of the arc in degrees R  is the radius of the arc π  is Pi, approximately 3.142

എല്ലാപേര്‍ക്കും എന്‍റെ ഓണസംസകള്‍

LEARNING WITHOUT BURDEN REPORT OF THE NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE (YASHPAL COMMITTEE) 

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China Opens World’s Longest Cross-Sea Bridge

When the new Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Bridge opened to traffic this week in China, it made the Guinness World Records for the longest cross-sea bridge in the world. The 26.4-mile long and 110-foot wide bridge stretches across the bay, linking the Huangdao district to the city of Qingdao and Hongdao Island.

China spent 17 years planning and designing the engineering marvel to be able to withstand the bay’s high salt content and icy winters. Yet, it only took four years to build, with at least 10,000 workers on the construction team. The Xinhua news agency says about $2.3 billion was spent, and 450,000 tons of steel and 81 million cubic feet of concrete were consumed in its construction.

An estimated 30,000 cars are expected to make the trek across the bay each day. Residents already traveling between Huangdao and Qingdao will have their trip cut in half, from 40 minutes to 20 minutes.

The first motorists to drive onto the six-lane bridge will have a free journey.  For the first month, cars can plow the 110ft-wide highway across the bay free of charge, but after that, a trip on the bridge will cost 50 yuan ($7.75 USD).

The bridge beat out the current Guinness World Record-holder, the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway in Louisiana, by at least 2 ½ miles.

However, it will be eclipsed in 2016 by another Chinese bridge, a 30-mile long connection being built to link Hong Kong with Macau and Guangdong province.

playground rhymes -Kids

1)Inky pinky ponky
Daddy had a donkey
Donkey died
Daddy cried
Inky pinky ponky

2)Happy Birthday to you
Happy Birthday to you,
Happy Birthday dear (name)
Happy Birthday to you 
 3)kaake kaake koodevide'kootinakathuuru kunjund, kunginu thitta kudukkanjal ,kunju kidannu karanjidum kunje kunje nee tharumo,ninnude kaiyile nyiappam. 

 4)Punkori Punkori,
Kuvunendi nu punkori;
Puvukal vidarum vidarum nerat,
Pungili padam nerat;
Neram pulram nerat,
Areunrtam kuvuno.

5) Cheppo cheppo cheppukotth,
Cheppukutuke cheppukotth,
Aapam tinnam cheppukotth,
Aadyudukkaam cheppukotth,
Aamyedukkam cheppukotth,
Uummtaraam ni cheppukotth,
Aramani kingini ketthikondani,
Aadaadunni cheppukotth.

Top 10 Countries With Fastest Growing Economies – 2011

This list will tell you about the top 10 countries which have highest growing economy rate according to 2011, You will see most under development countries in this list and will wonder how come their economy is growing rapidly, Let’s have a look at top 10 countries with fastest growing economies.

Iraq(No:1)'s economy is dominated by the petroleum sector, which has traditionally provided about 95% of foreign exchange earnings. In the 1980s, financial problems caused by massive expenditures in the eight-year war with Iran and damage to oil export facilities by Iran led the government to implement austerity measures, borrow heavily, and later reschedule foreign debt payments; Iraq suffered economic losses of at least $80 billion from the war.

Chad's(No:2) economy is still heavily dependent on oil, which was 65.4% of government revenue in 2010 and 90% of export earnings.

Large gold deposit found in Inner Mongolia(Become No:10):Large gold deposit found in Inner Mongolia
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Worlds 2nd lagest growing economy

China is Worlds 2nd lagest growing economy having population of 1,331,460,000[2009](population of india 1,155,347,700[2009])
There are some 930000 villages in China. Some 900 million people live in them

By the end of 2007, China had 656 cities in total. The number is slightly less than that in the previous year, as five cities were absorbed into nearby bigger cities in the year of 2007, according to the report.

Compiled by the China Association of Mayors, the 2007 Report said China's urbanization has kept its growing momentum in the past year, and 594 million people live in cities, accounting for 45 percent of the total population.

Top 10 largest growing economies

Country	GDP Per Capita($)	Growth Rate (%)
Equatorial Guinea China Ireland Vietnam Sudan Maldives Chile Guyana Myanmar South Korea	15,073 3,976 29,866 1,996 1,797 4,485 9,417 3,963 1,500 17,380	18.9 9.2 6.5 6.0 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.8 4.7

The Jungle Book

The Jungle Book (1894) is a collection of stories by British Nobel laureate Rudyard Kipling. The stories were first published in magazines in 1893–4.

Kipling was born in India and spent the first six years of his childhood there. After about ten years in England, he went back to India and worked there for about six-and-half years. These stories were written when Kipling lived in Vermont.

Illustration don by Rudyard's father John Lockwood Kipling. Macmillan Publishers are the publishers of the book.

Harry Potter-seven fantasy novels

Harry Potter is a series of seven fantasy novels written by the British author J. K.Rowling(Joanne "Jo" Rowling).  The books chronicle the adventures of the adolescent wizard Harry Potter and his best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The main story arc concerns Harry's quest to overcome the evil dark wizard Lord Voldemort, whose aim is to subjugate non-magical people, conquer the wizarding world, and destroy all those who stand in his way, especially Harry Potter.

Since the 30 June 1997 release of the first novel Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, the books have gained immense popularity, critical acclaim and commercial success worldwide.

The Harry Potter series have been the recipients of a host of awards since the initial publication of Philosopher's Stone including four Whitaker Platinum Book Awards (all of which were awarded in 2001), three Nestlé Smarties Book Prizes (1997–1999), two Scottish Arts Council Book Awards (1999 and 2001), the inaugural Whitbread children's book of the year award (1999), the WHSmith book of the year (2006), among others. In 2000, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Novel, and in 2001, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire won said award. Honours include a commendation for the Carnegie Medal (1997), a short listing for the Guardian Children's Award (1998), and numerous listings on the notable books, editors' Choices, and best books lists of the American Library Association, The New York Times, Chicago Public Library, and Publishers Weekly

Major stock markets in the world

A stock market or equity market is a public entity (a loose network of economic transactions, not a physical facility or discrete entity) for the trading of company stock (shares) and derivatives at an agreed price; these are securities listed on a stock exchange as well as those only traded privately.

National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations(NASDAQ), began in 1971 as a way to electronically trade more than 5,000 stocks. Currently, it is home to major tech stocks, such as Microsoft, Dell, Mac.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average and the NASDAQ Composite are stock market indexes that track the price performance of select groups of stocks. There are many indexes that track different groups of stocks, but the Dow Jones and NASDAQ are two of the most widely followed. Both financial and regular news outlets routinely report on their performance as a gauge of the overall health of the economy.

The Dow Jones Industrial average is the oldest and most widely followed stock market index. The index consists of 30 stocks that Dow Jones describes as "large and well-known U.S. companies."


There are now stock markets in virtually every developed and most developing economies, with the world's biggest market being in the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, India, China, Canada, Germany's (Frankfurt Stock Exchange), France, South Korea and the Netherlands.

Rank	Economy	Stock Exchange	Market Capitalization (USD Billions)	Trade Value (USD Billions)
1	United States Europe	NYSE Euronext	15,970	19,813
2	United States Europe	NASDAQ OMX	4,931	13,439
3	Japan	Tokyo Stock Exchange	3,827	3,787
4	United Kingdom	London Stock Exchange	3,613	2,741
5	China	Shanghai Stock Exchange	2,717	4,496
6	Hong Kong	Hong Kong Stock Exchange	2,711	1,496
7	Canada	Toronto Stock Exchange	2,170	1,368
8	India	Bombay Stock Exchange	1,631	258
9	India	National Stock Exchange of India	1,596	801
10	Brazil	BM&F Bovespa	1,545	868
11	Australia	Australian Securities Exchange	1,454	1,062
12	Germany	Deutsche Börse	1,429	1,628
13	China	Shenzhen Stock Exchange	1,311	3,572
14	Switzerland	SIX Swiss Exchange	1,229	788
15	Spain	BME Spanish Exchanges	1,171	1,360
16	South Korea	Korea Exchange	1,091	1,607
17	Russia	MICEX	949	408
18	South Africa	JSE Limited	925	340

Natural gas

 Natural gas is an efficient fuel, emits 60% less carbon dioxide than coal and 42% less
than oil, and is available in abundance.

Gas is an efficient fuel and saves up to 30% of energy in most applications. Unlike nuclear energy, natural gas does not pose waste-disposal or safety problems. And it is available in abundance. If any single factor can substantially lower carbon

 In the 19th century, natural gas was usually obtained as a byproduct of producing oil, since the small, light gas carbon chains came out of solution as the extracted fluids underwent pressure reduction from the reservoir to the surface, similar to uncapping a bottle of soda pop where the carbon dioxide effervesces. Unwanted natural gas was a disposal problem in the active oil fields. If there was not a market for natural gas near the wellhead it was virtually valueless since it had to be piped to the end user. In the 19th century and early 20th century, such unwanted gas usually was burned off in the oil fields. Today, unwanted gas (or 'stranded' gas without a market) associated with oil extraction often is returned to the reservoir with 'injection' wells while awaiting a possible future market or to repressurize the formation, which can enhance extraction rates from other wells.

Its consumption is expected to increase from 95 trillion cubic feet in 2003 to 182 trillion cubic feet in 2030. 

Nearly three quarter of the total global natural gas reserves are located in the West Asian and Eurasia regions. Iran, Qatar and Russia together accounts for nearly 58% of global natural gas reserve.

The world's largest proven gas reserves are located in Russia, with 4.757×1013 m³ (1.68×1015 cubic feet). With the Gazprom company, Russia is frequently the world's largest natural gas extractor. Major proven resources (in billion cubic meters) are world 175,400 (2006), Russia 47,570 (2006), Iran 26,370 (2006), Qatar 25,790 (2007), Saudi Arabia 6,568 (2006) and United Arab Emirates 5,823 (2006).

The world's largest gas field is Qatar's offshore North Field, estimated to have 25 trillion cubic meters (9.0×1014cubic feet) of gas in place—enough to last more than 420 years[citation needed] at optimum extraction levels. The second largest natural gas field is the South Pars Gas Field in Iranian waters in the Persian Gulf. Located next to Qatar's North Field, it has an estimated reserve of 8 to 14 trillion cubic meters (2.8×1014 to 5.0×1014 cubic feet) of gas.

Natural Gas is currently the source of half of the LPG produced in the country. LPG is now being extracted from gas at Duliajan in Assam, Bijaipur in M.P., Hazira and Vaghodia in Gujarat, Uran in Maharashtra, Pata in UP and Nagapattinam in Tamil Nadu

In India, the main producers of natural gas are Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. (ONGC), Oil India Limited (OIL) and JVs of Tapti, Panna-Mukta and Ravva. Under the Production Sharing Contracts, private parties from some of the fields are also producing gas. 

Mukesh Ambani controlled Reliance Industries Limited's (RIL) enhanced gas estimates in the hydrocarbon rich Krishna-Godavari (KG) basin, taking the total gas reserves in the fields to 35.5 trillion cubic feet, will place India on the 12 spot among gas producing countries, next only to Iraq (ranked 11th). Besides, it will help RIL fetch better prices for the additional quantity of gas and meet a part of India’s energy needs.
With the revised estimates, India’s total gas reserves have shot up to nearly 90 TCF (including GSPC's gas find of 20 TCF last year) placing India in the 12th position, much ahead of Kazakhstan (ranked 16th ). India wasn't among the global Top 20 until now. Currently it is 24th position(2009)
Go here for Chart

Government have also offered blocks under New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP) to private and public sector companies with the right to market gas at market determined prices.
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World's Oldest Living Tree

The world's oldest recorded tree is a 9,550 year old spruce in the Dalarna province of Sweden. The spruce tree has shown to be a tenacious survivor that has endured by growing between erect trees and smaller bushes in pace with the dramatic climate changes over time.

The discovery showed trees of 375, 5,660, 9,000 and 9,550 years old and everything displayed clear signs that they have the same genetic makeup as the trees above them. Since spruce trees can multiply with root penetrating braches, they can produce exact copies, or clones.

The tree now growing above the finding place and the wood pieces dating 9,550 years have the same genetic material. The actual has been tested by carbon-14 dating at a laboratory in Miami, Florida, USA.
Previously, pine trees in North America have been cited as the oldest at 4,000 to 5,000 years old.
In the Swedish mountains, from Lapland in the North to Dalarna in the South, scientists have found a cluster of around 20 spruces that are over 8,000 years old

Tallest tree in the world: coast redwood

Tallest tree in the world: coast redwood
The coast redwood, the world's tallest tree, is one of the three sequoia tree species, together with the giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) and the dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides). The coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) grows in natural stands in a long, thin coastal area along the Pacific Ocean in the west and northwest of the US (mostly California). It is the tallest tree in the world.

With its relatively slender silhouette this tree can grow even up to 20 m or 60 ft taller than the tallest giant sequoias, that are nevertheless the biggest trees in the world, when looking at the volume of the trunk. The tallest known living tree, named Hyperion, is 115.55 m or 379.1 ft (measured in 2006) tall! This gets close to 120 to 130 m, that, according to a 2004 biological study, is the maximum attainable height of a tree.

World's Best Selling Book

The world best selling book is the bible it sells 100 million copies per week.

First Juma mosque -in Kerala,India and world

Prophet Mohammed (570-634 A.D.) was the founder of the religion of Islam

The first Juma mosque in the world is the Prophet’s Mosque in Madinah, which is also his memorial tomb.

India's first Masjid is believed to be built in 628 AD at the behest of legendary ruler Cheraman Perumal, who died in Arabia after embracing Islam.

Legend has it that before he died, Cheraman Perumal sent an emissary to Kodungalloor to seek the help of his descendant there to propagate Islam along the Kerala coast.

The original Hindu architectural scheme of the mosque has been retained intact to a great extent, though essential additions have been made over the years.

Situated at the northern end of the Periyar River, about 50 km from Kochi, Kodungaloor has been the gateway for Christianity, Judaism and Islam in India.

First and largest technology park in India

Technopark is a technology park in Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum), Kerala, India. The park is dedicated to IT ventures. It is the first and largest technology park in India. Launched in 1990, Technopark as of 2010 has 400,000 square metres of built-up space, and is home to over 220 companies, employing more than 30,000 professionals. Technopark is currently on an expansion mode by adding another 37 hectares as part of Phase III expansion and 450 acres (1.8 km2) as Technocity—an integrated IT township near Pallippuram.

para-paddy measurement(പറ)

4 nashi (നാഴി)- 1 edangazhi ( ഇടങ്ങഴി )

15 edangazhi -1 para (പറ )

the Father of Indian Ornithology and founder of the Indian National Congress

Allan Octavian Hume (6 June 1829 - 31 July 1912) was a civil servant, political reformer and amateur ornithologist in British India. He was one of the founders of the Indian National Congress, a political party that was later to lead the Indian independence movement. A notable ornithologist, Hume has been called "the Father of Indian Ornithology" and, by those who found him dogmatic, "the Pope of Indian ornithology."
From 2011 going to start death anniversary of Allan Octavian Hume.
In 1885 Dec started first meeting of  Indian National Congress

National heighways -kerala(NH)

NH47 Walayar - Kaliyikkavila
National Highway 47 (NH 47) has a length of 640 Kilometers in total. It starts from Salem and ends at Kanyakumari. It enters Kerala at Walayar and goes till Kaliyikkavila covering a distance of 416.80 Kilometers. This is an interstate link between Tamilnadu and Kerala. NH47 is passing through the districts in Kerala such as Coimbatore, Thrissur, Ernakulam Alappuzha, Kollam, Thiruvananthapuram,and Nagerkovil covering 416.80 kilometers and intersecting with NH 17 at Ernakulam, NH 47A at Kudannoor near Kochi, NH 208 at Kollam, , NH 213 at Palakkad, NH 67 and 209 at Coimbatore and NH 7 at Salem.
(Salem to Kanyakumari - 462 Kms)

NH17 Thalappadi - Edappally
National Highway 17 has a length of 1269 in total. It starts from Panvel and ends at in Edappally in Kerala. This road passes through Panvel, Mahad, Panaji, Karwar, Mangalore, Kannur, Kozhikode, Feroke, Kuttipuram, Pudu and Ponnani before joining with NH 47 at Edapally in Kochi. This long road traverses 482 km in Maharashtra, 139 km in Goa, 280 km in Karnataka and 368 km in Kerala.
(Mangalapuram-Edappaly-421 Kms)

NH49 Bodymettu - Kundannoor
National Highway 49 has a length of 290 Kilometeres in total. The highway starts at Kundanoor near Cochin bypass and ends at the eastern tip of Rameshwaram Island. NH 49 traverses a total distance of 150 km before entering Tamil Nadu at Bodimettu. Muvattupuzha, Kothamangalam and Munnar.In Tamilnadu, it passes through Theni, Madurai, Paramakudi, Ramanathapuram and Rameshwaram before ending at Dhanushkodi.
(Kochi Madura-168 Kms)

47A Kundannoor - Wiilington Island
National Highway 47A is the shortest highway in India.It has a length of 6 Kilometeres in total.It links the man-made isle of Willingdon Island with Kochi bye-pass.
(Kundannoor-Willington Island-6 Kms)

NH208 Kollam - Aryankavu
National Highway 49 has a length of 195 Kilometers in total. This starts fromKollam and ends at Thirumangalam in Tamilnad.It travers 70 kilometeres in Kerala.Kollam,Kundara,Kottarakkara,Thenmala,and Punalur are the toens it crossesin Kerala.It leaves at Arankavu and going through Thenkasi,Sivaagiri,Rajapalayam and Srivilliputhir before joining with NH7 at Thirumangalam about 18 kilometeres at Madurai.
(Kollam-Thirumangalam-81.00Kms)

NH212 Kozhikode - Moolahalla
National Highway 212 has a total length of 250 kilometeres in total.This starts from NH17 at Kozhikode and ends at Muthanga-Karnataka.It traverse through Vythiri,Kalpatta,Sultan Batheri towns. It joins at NH209 at Kollagal-Karnataka.
(Kozhikode-Mysore-117.00 Kms)

NH213 Palakkad - Kozhikode
National Highway 213 has is a length of 130 km in total. It starts at Kozhikode and ends at Palakkad. It takes a deviation from NH 17 at Feroke and passes through Narukara, Malappuram and Perinthalmanna before merging with NH 47 at Palakkad.
(Palakkad-Kozhikode-141.00 Kms)

NH220 Kollam - Theni
National Highway 220 has a total length of 265 Kilometers in length.It starts from NH47 Tamilnadu-Theni and and ends at Kollam on NH47.
(Kollam-Theni-210 Kms)

National Panchayat Diwas Awards

On the occasion of National Panchayat Diwas on 24th April, 2011, the Ministry of Panchayati Raj has decided to give the annual PEAIS 2011 Awards to the best performing States under the Panchayat Empowerment & Accountability Incentive Scheme and the Rashtriya Gaurav Gram Sabha 2011 Awards to best Gram Sabhas and Gram Panchayats in the country (7 Nos), the e-Panchayat Awards 2011 and present the award to the winners of the nationwide Drawing and painting competition and Essay competitions held during the "Year of the Gram Sabha" ( 2nd October 2009-2nd October 2010. The detail of awards to be given by the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh and NAC Chairperson Smt. Sonia Gandhi is as under:

Panchayat Empowerment & Accountability Incentive Scheme (PEAIS) - Assessment of the States for 2010-2011
Panchayat Empowerment Accountability Incentive Scheme (PEAIS ) was implemented by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj (MoPR) in 2005-06 to motivate states to empower the Panchayats by devolving Funds, functions and functionaries ( 3Fs). The scheme aims at encouraging the States for empowering the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and putting in place mechanism for transparency and accountability of the PRIs. Performance of the States in these respects is measured through a Devolution Index (DI) formulated by an independent institution. A token award is also given to the States, for which the annual provision is currently at Rs. 10 crore.
This year in addition to the cumulative achievement of the state, the DI study also took into account incremental achievement since 1st April 2009.For 2010-11, the Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA), New Delhi was engaged for the task of preparation of DI and ranking the States. 

Rashtryira Gaurav Gram Sabha Puraskar 2011:

 In order to appreciate and devise an appropriate structure of incentives and to recognize and encourage the Panchayats for outstanding performance through effective Gram Sabhas, especially in respect of improvements in the social and economic structure of the village, the Ministry of Panchayati Raj has instituted National level Awards for Best Gram Sabhas and name it as " Rashtriya Gaurav Gram Sabha" .

The broad objective for instituting this award is to incentivise excellence in performance of Gram Panchayats through effective gram sabhas. It is expected that the Award will not only be a step to energise the Gram Sabahs will encourage the Gram Panchayats to organise more gram sabhas and encourage people’s participation. The prize money for this award is Rs Ten lakhs ( Rs 10 lakhs only). The Award money will be utilized by the Panchayats for public purposes such as augmentation of civic services like primary education, primary health care, safe drinking water, public utilities; provision rural infrastructure in the Panchayat jurisdiction etc.
It is very interesting to note that among the nominated Gram Panchayats for the RGGS Award 2011, three GP are headed by female Sarpanches. This list of awradees present an interesting representation of efforts made by the Elected Women representatives in excellence observance of "The Year of the Gram Sabha".
  This year the following Gram Sabhas and Gram Panchayats have merited for RGGS 2011:

S. No.	Name of the District	Name of the Block/Taluka	Name of the Gram Panchayat/ Gram Sabha Nominated	State	Name of the Sarpanch ( recipient of the Award)
1	Belgaum	Athani	Shiraguppi	Karnataka	Sri Vinesh Iragouda Patil
2	South Goa	Sanguem	Kirlapal Dabal	Goa	Shri Rama Sonugaonkar
3	Rajkot	Padadhari	Depaliya	Gujarat	Smt Rasilaben Dalsaniya
4	Rohtak	Rohtak	Assan	Haryana	Shri Raj Singh
5	Jalgaon	Chopda	Chahardi	Maharashtra	Smt. Sangitabai Koli
6	Ajmer	Shrinagar	Aradaka	Rajasthan	Smt Raheesa Khatoon
7	South District	Melli	Mellidara-Paiyong	Sikkim	Shri Ganesh Rahi

Kerala bagged PEAIS award 2009-10 
Kerala bagged PEAIS award 2009-10. The award, for better implementation of the ‘Panchayat Empowerment and Accountability Incentive Scheme, (PEAIS) has been instituted to encourage states to take efforts to empower the PRIs and evolve mechanism for transparency and accountability of these organisations. As Kerala shares the first prize with neighbouring Karnataka for the year 2009-10, each state will receive Rs 2.5 crore cash incentive.

Brief about Sri Padmanabha Temple

The work for the building of the Sri Padmanabha swamy temple first started in the year 1556. Later, the temple was re-built under the instruction of the then king Marthanda Varma (1706–1758) in the first half of the 18th century.

Dating back to 6th Century, Marthanda Varma renovated the temple and dedicated Travancore to Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple and became Padmanabha Dasa.

The history of Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple dates back to 8th Century. References to the temple can be found in the Divya Prabandha canon of literature written by Tamil Alwar. Alvars are the Tamil Saint poets who lived between the sixth and ninth centuries AD. References to Sri Padmanabha Temple is also said to have in the Brahma Purana, Padma Purana, Varaha Purana, and Vayu Purana. One of the twelve Alvars, Nammalvar (8th Century) had created four slokas and one phalasruthi about Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple.

It is believed that Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple and its properties were maintained by Ettuveetil Pillamar – the eight powerful Nair feudal lords of ancient Travancore.

Biodiesel From Jathropa

Jatropha(കടലാവണക്ക് ) is a family of plants that grows in Central America, Africa, the tropical countries of Asia and Australia. These plants are extremely hardy, can stand very dry and harsh weather condition and are known to be able to resist pests to a great extent. On the con side, this tree produces some toxic materials such as saponin, lectin, and phorbol. Recently, these plants are becoming objects of much interest and speculations around the world because they are claimed to be the best sources of biodiesel.

The jatropha seeds, commonly known as the physic nuts, contain up to 40% oil. The jatropha oil can be used directly as biofuel or can be converted into biodiesel for a more efficient performance. When raw or mixed jatropha oil is directly used in an automobile or even plane engines, there is some residue, which can be used as biomass in power plants to produce electricity.

The Indian Railways has started to use the oil (blended with diesel fuel in various ratios) from the Jatropha plant to power its diesel engines with great success. Currently the diesel locomotives that run from Thanjavur to Nagore section and Tiruchirapalli to Lalgudi, Dindigul and Karur sections run on a blend of Jatropha and diesel oil.
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2010 Physics Nobel Prize Winners

Andre Geim

Konstantin Novoselov

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 was awarded jointly to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene"
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First cancer report

The world's oldest documented case of cancer hails from ancient Egypt, in 1500 b.c. The details were recorded on a papyrus, documenting 8 cases of tumors occurring on the breast. It was treated by cauterization, a method to destroy tissue with a hot instrument called "the fire drill". It was also recorded that there was no treatment for the disease, moderating pain or sorrow by making it easier to bear is the only treatment.

who invented mobile phone ?

Martin Cooper is an American who invented the first cell (mobile) phone to make a call and speak on his moble phone.

Mr Cooper, born December 26, 1928, wanted people to be able to carry their phones with them anywhere. While he was a project manager at Motorola in 1973, Cooper set up a base station in New York with the first working prototype of a cellular telephone, the Motorola Dyna-Tac. After some initial testing in Washington for the F.C.C., Mr. Cooper and Motorola took the phone technology to New York to show the public.

Size of: 9 x 5 x 1.75 inches
Weight with: 2.5 pounds
30 Circuit Boards
Talk time of 35 minutes
10 hours of Recharge Time
Having Features like Talk, listen, dial

Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Who_invented_the_cell_phone_and_when#ixzz1UcqU6AbG

Electricity in the Air

The promise of wireless electricity has been around for over 100 years. Nikola Tesla spent much of his productive life experimenting with wireless power, the familiar Tesla coils is actually a resonant wireless power transmitter, and the dream of wireless power was also his undoing when his Wardenclyffe project was terminated in 1904. Over the following decades very little research has been conducted with the prominent exception of Bill Brown who’s experiments in microwave wireless power transmission culminated in a successful demonstration in 1975 by transmitting 30kw over 1 mile at 82.5% efficiency at the Goldstone Deep Space Communication Complex.
Wireless power research was dormant again unit 2007 when an MIT scientist demonstrated wireless powering of a 60W light bulb with 40% efficiency at a 2m (7ft) distance using two 60cm-diameter coils. In 2008 Intel reproduced the MIT group's experiment by wirelessly powering a light bulb with 75% efficiency at a shorter distance.
There are several different wireless electricity technologies on offer:
1. Inductive Coupling
They look like a mouse pad and can send power through the air, over a distance of up to a few inches. A powered coil inside that pad creates a magnetic field, which much like a conventional transformer, induces current to flow through a small secondary coil that's attached to a portable device.
2. Radio-frequency
PowerCast offer a wireless electricity technology based on what's known as radio frequency, or RF. This can transmit power across distances of up to 85 feet. A transmitter plugs into the wall, and a dime-size receiver (the real innovation, costing about $5 to make) can be embedded into any low-voltage device.
3. Laser 
PowerBeam showcases wireless lamps and picture frames. Located in Sunnyvale, Calif., the company uses yet another wireless-powering approach. Its technology beams optical energy into photovoltaic cells using laser diodes.
4. Conductive Pad
Boulder, Colorado based WildCharge is demonstrating a mat that uses a conductive powering technique. This is more efficient than inductive powering but requires direct contact between the devices and the charging pad. Though most of the mats or pads on display are intended to power only a handful of devices at a time, WildCharge says the product design is certified for up to 150 watts - enough to power 30 laptops.
5. Magnetically Coupled Resonance
Another wireless power technology is on display in a private suite high in the Venetian hotel tower. Magnetically Coupled Resonance was demonstrated in 2007 when an MIT scientist demonstrated wireless powering of a 60W light bulb with 40% efficiency at a 2m (7ft) and has been dubbed WiTricity. As proof that it works, an LCD TV is powered by a coil hidden behind an oil painting located 5 feet away. Another demonstration involves walking in the direction of another coil with an iPod Touch in your hand, it starts to charge when it gets within two meters.
The technique can power an entire room, assuming the room is filled with enabled devices. Though WiTricity uses two coils, just like the eCoupled system, it differs in that the coils don't have to be close to each other to transfer energy. Instead, they depend on so-called magnetic resonance. WiTricity doesn't depend on line-of-sight. A powered coil in your basement could power the rest of the house, wirelessly.
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New foreign secretary?

Ranjan Mathai, a 1974-batch officer of the Indian Foreign Service, took over as the Foreign Secretary from Nirupama Rao. Rao will replace Meera Shankar as the India's ambassador to the United States.
Mathai will man post for the next two years. Mathai, the 59-year-old was former Indian ambassador to France.